The Exposure Project
Above is an example of Iso. In each image portion, I increased the ISO on the camera and used an exposure calculator to alter the shutter speed to create (more or less) the same photo in each shot. Quickly I realized that to create the same shot all I had to do was double the shutter speed, but the exposure calculator was very helpful in showing me this pattern.
ISO controls how much light the camera takes in. Adjusting the ISO on the camera can make the sensor more or less sensitive to light. This is useful in low light situations, but the trade off is at high values. The image can become grainy and low quality. In ideal lighting conditions the aperture and shutter speed can be balanced to mitigate this effect. The above photo is an example of this.
Aperture is essentially how much light the camera lets in. This is adjusted by tightening or widening a the hole in the camera lens. When wide as shown above with the flower, it can create a solid focus on the subject while creating a soft and buttery background that looks quite good. This is also good for taking portraits of people. However when in low values, it can sometimes let too much light in and become overexposed, especially when other exposure factors are not properly adjusted.
Shutter speed controls how fast the camera sensor opens and closes. Above is an example of a photo I took in sport mode, which defaults to a high shutter speed. The reason I chose this was because I wanted to capture my friend Liam's motion without blaring him. While if you zoom in, you can notice a small amount of blur, it's much better than if I had used a much lower shutter speed. That would make the motion in the photo turn out quite blurry. The advantage of using a lower shutter speed however is that it would let in a lot more light. Extremely high shutter speeds can damage photo quality by using high ISO/apertures to make up for lack of light.